core: add missing ranges for some options

• I've deliberately skipped --verbose and --sub-autodetect-fuzzy for now.
• I've deliberately skipped those with a choice list, since we may enable enforcement of those (see #26485).
• For most of these it's the lower bound that I'm specifically interested in setting. I've just generally used INT_MAX for the upper bound in such cases.
  • Perhaps the upper bound for --input-timeshift-granularity should instead be INT64_MAX instead (as it currently is)?
  • If anyone would like to suggest more appropriate upper bounds, that would be welcome (it is not obvious what would be best).