ci: update container version

In doing so I finally hit the time bomb caused by assuming blacklisting
compute is only needed on that specific driver version. Turns out, the
same issue is present even on newer driver versions. Since I have no
idea how else to work around and/or debug it, just permanently disable
compute on the CI.

Unfortunately, for some reason, the `shaderc` version in this version of
the CI image hits random internal exceptions when trying to compile
pretty much anything. But using glslang directly works. Except for msan,
because we don't have msan-instrumented libc++.

Some other changes needed for whatever reason.